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제롬 파월 연준 의장의 잭슨홀 연설(영문)

기사입력 : 2023년08월25일 23:17

최종수정 : 2023년08월26일 00:20

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[휴스턴=뉴스핌] 고인원 특파원= 제롬 파월 연준 의장은 2023년 8월 25일 잭슨홀 심포지엄에서 '글로벌 경제의 구조적 변화'을 주제로 연설했다.

이날 파월은 "인플레이션이 여전히 높으며 적절하다고 판단되면 추가 금리 인상이 가능하다"는 매파 발언으로 시장에 충격파를 던졌다.

다음은 미 연준 홈페이지에 게재된 파월 의장의 연설문 전문이다. 원문 그대로 게재한다.

Good morning. At last year's Jackson Hole symposium, I delivered a brief, direct message. My remarks this year will be a bit longer, but the message is the same: It is the Fed's job to bring inflation down to our 2 percent goal, and we will do so. We have tightened policy significantly over the past year. Although inflation has moved down from its peak—a welcome development—it remains too high. We are prepared to raise rates further if appropriate, and intend to hold policy at a restrictive level until we are confident that inflation is moving sustainably down toward our objective.

Today I will review our progress so far and discuss the outlook and the uncertainties we face as we pursue our dual mandate goals. I will conclude with a summary of what this means for policy. Given how far we have come, at upcoming meetings we are in a position to proceed carefully as we assess the incoming data and the evolving outlook and risks.

The Decline in Inflation So Far
The ongoing episode of high inflation initially emerged from a collision between very strong demand and pandemic-constrained supply. By the time the Federal Open Market Committee raised the policy rate in March 2022, it was clear that bringing down inflation would depend on both the unwinding of the unprecedented pandemic-related demand and supply distortions and on our tightening of monetary policy, which would slow the growth of aggregate demand, allowing supply time to catch up. While these two forces are now working together to bring down inflation, the process still has a long way to go, even with the more favorable recent readings.

On a 12-month basis, U.S. total, or "headline," PCE (personal consumption expenditures) inflation peaked at 7 percent in June 2022 and declined to 3.3 percent as of July, following a trajectory roughly in line with global trends (figure 1, panel A).1 The effects of Russia's war against Ukraine have been a primary driver of the changes in headline inflation around the world since early 2022. Headline inflation is what households and businesses experience most directly, so this decline is very good news. But food and energy prices are influenced by global factors that remain volatile, and can provide a misleading signal of where inflation is headed. In my remaining comments, I will focus on core PCE inflation, which omits the food and energy components.

On a 12-month basis, core PCE inflation peaked at 5.4 percent in February 2022 and declined gradually to 4.3 percent in July (figure 1, panel B). The lower monthly readings for core inflation in June and July were welcome, but two months of good data are only the beginning of what it will take to build confidence that inflation is moving down sustainably toward our goal. We can't yet know the extent to which these lower readings will continue or where underlying inflation will settle over coming quarters. Twelve-month core inflation is still elevated, and there is substantial further ground to cover to get back to price stability.

To understand the factors that will likely drive further progress, it is useful to separately examine the three broad components of core PCE inflation—inflation for goods, for housing services, and for all other services, sometimes referred to as nonhousing services (figure 2).

Core goods inflation has fallen sharply, particularly for durable goods, as both tighter monetary policy and the slow unwinding of supply and demand dislocations are bringing it down. The motor vehicle sector provides a good illustration. Earlier in the pandemic, demand for vehicles rose sharply, supported by low interest rates, fiscal transfers, curtailed spending on in-person services, and shifts in preference away from using public transportation and from living in cities. But because of a shortage of semiconductors, vehicle supply actually fell. Vehicle prices spiked, and a large pool of pent-up demand emerged. As the pandemic and its effects have waned, production and inventories have grown, and supply has improved. At the same time, higher interest rates have weighed on demand. Interest rates on auto loans have nearly doubled since early last year, and customers report feeling the effect of higher rates on affordability.2 On net, motor vehicle inflation has declined sharply because of the combined effects of these supply and demand factors.

Similar dynamics are playing out for core goods inflation overall. As they do, the effects of monetary restraint should show through more fully over time. Core goods prices fell the past two months, but on a 12-month basis, core goods inflation remains well above its pre-pandemic level. Sustained progress is needed, and restrictive monetary policy is called for to achieve that progress.

In the highly interest-sensitive housing sector, the effects of monetary policy became apparent soon after liftoff. Mortgage rates doubled over the course of 2022, causing housing starts and sales to fall and house price growth to plummet. Growth in market rents soon peaked and then steadily declined (figure 3).3

Measured housing services inflation lagged these changes, as is typical, but has recently begun to fall. This inflation metric reflects rents paid by all tenants, as well as estimates of the equivalent rents that could be earned from homes that are owner occupied.4 Because leases turn over slowly, it takes time for a decline in market rent growth to work its way into the overall inflation measure. The market rent slowdown has only recently begun to show through to that measure. The slowing growth in rents for new leases over roughly the past year can be thought of as "in the pipeline" and will affect measured housing services inflation over the coming year. Going forward, if market rent growth settles near pre-pandemic levels, housing services inflation should decline toward its pre-pandemic level as well. We will continue to watch the market rent data closely for a signal of the upside and downside risks to housing services inflation.

The final category, nonhousing services, accounts for over half of the core PCE index and includes a broad range of services, such as health care, food services, transportation, and accommodations. Twelve-month inflation in this sector has moved sideways since liftoff. Inflation measured over the past three and six months has declined, however, which is encouraging. Part of the reason for the modest decline of nonhousing services inflation so far is that many of these services were less affected by global supply chain bottlenecks and are generally thought to be less interest sensitive than other sectors such as housing or durable goods. Production of these services is also relatively labor intensive, and the labor market remains tight. Given the size of this sector, some further progress here will be essential to restoring price stability. Over time, restrictive monetary policy will help bring aggregate supply and demand back into better balance, reducing inflationary pressures in this key sector.

The Outlook
Turning to the outlook, although further unwinding of pandemic-related distortions should continue to put some downward pressure on inflation, restrictive monetary policy will likely play an increasingly important role. Getting inflation sustainably back down to 2 percent is expected to require a period of below-trend economic growth as well as some softening in labor market conditions.

Economic growth
Restrictive monetary policy has tightened financial conditions, supporting the expectation of below-trend growth.5 Since last year's symposium, the two-year real yield is up about 250 basis points, and longer-term real yields are higher as well—by nearly 150 basis points.6 Beyond changes in interest rates, bank lending standards have tightened, and loan growth has slowed sharply.7 Such a tightening of broad financial conditions typically contributes to a slowing in the growth of economic activity, and there is evidence of that in this cycle as well. For example, growth in industrial production has slowed, and the amount spent on residential investment has declined in each of the past five quarters (figure 4).

But we are attentive to signs that the economy may not be cooling as expected. So far this year, GDP (gross domestic product) growth has come in above expectations and above its longer-run trend, and recent readings on consumer spending have been especially robust. In addition, after decelerating sharply over the past 18 months, the housing sector is showing signs of picking back up. Additional evidence of persistently above-trend growth could put further progress on inflation at risk and could warrant further tightening of monetary policy.

The labor market
The rebalancing of the labor market has continued over the past year but remains incomplete. Labor supply has improved, driven by stronger participation among workers aged 25 to 54 and by an increase in immigration back toward pre-pandemic levels. Indeed, the labor force participation rate of women in their prime working years reached an all-time high in June. Demand for labor has moderated as well. Job openings remain high but are trending lower. Payroll job growth has slowed significantly. Total hours worked has been flat over the past six months, and the average workweek has declined to the lower end of its pre-pandemic range, reflecting a gradual normalization in labor market conditions (figure 5).

This rebalancing has eased wage pressures. Wage growth across a range of measures continues to slow, albeit gradually (figure 6). While nominal wage growth must ultimately slow to a rate that is consistent with 2 percent inflation, what matters for households is real wage growth. Even as nominal wage growth has slowed, real wage growth has been increasing as inflation has fallen.

We expect this labor market rebalancing to continue. Evidence that the tightness in the labor market is no longer easing could also call for a monetary policy response.

Uncertainty and Risk Management along the Path Forward
Two percent is and will remain our inflation target. We are committed to achieving and sustaining a stance of monetary policy that is sufficiently restrictive to bring inflation down to that level over time. It is challenging, of course, to know in real time when such a stance has been achieved. There are some challenges that are common to all tightening cycles. For example, real interest rates are now positive and well above mainstream estimates of the neutral policy rate. We see the current stance of policy as restrictive, putting downward pressure on economic activity, hiring, and inflation. But we cannot identify with certainty the neutral rate of interest, and thus there is always uncertainty about the precise level of monetary policy restraint.

That assessment is further complicated by uncertainty about the duration of the lags with which monetary tightening affects economic activity and especially inflation. Since the symposium a year ago, the Committee has raised the policy rate by 300 basis points, including 100 basis points over the past seven months. And we have substantially reduced the size of our securities holdings. The wide range of estimates of these lags suggests that there may be significant further drag in the pipeline.

Beyond these traditional sources of policy uncertainty, the supply and demand dislocations unique to this cycle raise further complications through their effects on inflation and labor market dynamics. For example, so far, job openings have declined substantially without increasing unemployment—a highly welcome but historically unusual result that appears to reflect large excess demand for labor. In addition, there is evidence that inflation has become more responsive to labor market tightness than was the case in recent decades.8 These changing dynamics may or may not persist, and this uncertainty underscores the need for agile policymaking.

These uncertainties, both old and new, complicate our task of balancing the risk of tightening monetary policy too much against the risk of tightening too little. Doing too little could allow above-target inflation to become entrenched and ultimately require monetary policy to wring more persistent inflation from the economy at a high cost to employment. Doing too much could also do unnecessary harm to the economy.

Conclusion
As is often the case, we are navigating by the stars under cloudy skies. In such circumstances, risk-management considerations are critical. At upcoming meetings, we will assess our progress based on the totality of the data and the evolving outlook and risks. Based on this assessment, we will proceed carefully as we decide whether to tighten further or, instead, to hold the policy rate constant and await further data. Restoring price stability is essential to achieving both sides of our dual mandate. We will need price stability to achieve a sustained period of strong labor market conditions that benefit all.

We will keep at it until the job is done.

koinwon@newspim.com

[뉴스핌 베스트 기사]

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李정부, 123개 국정과제 공식 확정 [세종=뉴스핌] 양가희 기자 = 정부가 향후 5년간 국정 운영의 핵심 로드맵이 될 123대 국정과제를 본격 추진한다. 정부는 16일 정부세종청사에서 국무회의를 열고 국정과제를 포함한 국정과제 관리계획을 확정했다고 밝혔다. 국무회의에서 확정된 123대 국정과제는 지난달 13일 국정기획위원회에서 제안한 '이재명 정부 국정운영 5개년 계획(안)'을 정부 차원의 검토 및 조정·보완을 거쳐 확정한 것이다. 이재명 대통령이 16일 오전 취임 후 처음으로 정부세종청사에서 국무회의를 직접 주재하면서 국가균형발전에 대한 발언을 하고 있다. [사진=KTV] 최종 확정된 국정과제 체계는 '국민이 주인인 나라, 함께 행복한 대한민국'이라는 국가비전 아래 5대 국정목표, 23대 추진전략, 123대 과제로 구성됐다. 5대 국정목표는 ▲국민이 하나되는 정치 ▲세계를 이끄는 혁신경제 ▲모두가 잘사는 균형성장 ▲기본이 튼튼한 사회 ▲국익 중심의 외교안보다. 우선 정부는 국민주권 실현 및 대통령 책임 강화를 위한 개헌을 추진한다. 4년 연임제 및 결선투표제 도입, 감사원 국회 소속 이관, 대통령 거부권 제한, 국무총리 국회추천제 도입 등이 개헌안에 담길 전망이다. 권력기관 개혁을 통한 민주주의 확립, 독자 인공지능(AI) 생태계 및 AI고속도로 구축, 5극3특 중심 혁신·일자리 거점 조성, 경제협력개발기구(OECD) 수준 산재 감축 등의 내용도 국정과제에 담겼다. 또 이재명 정부 임기 내 전시작전통제권 전환을 완료하는 강군 육성 방안도 포함됐다. 행정수도 세종 완성과 2차 공공기관 이전도 차질없이 진행할 계획이다.  이재명 대통령이 16일 오전 취임 후 처음으로 정부세종청사에서 국가균형발전 관련 국무회의를 직접 주재하고 있다. [사진=KTV] 국정과제 이행을 위한 범정부 추진체계도 구축한다. 온라인 국정관리시스템과 오프라인 범부처 협의체를 운영, 국정과제 추진상황을 지속 관리한다. 입법성과 조기 창출을 위해 법제처에 국정입법상황실을 두고, 국정과제 입법 전주기를 밀착 관리한다. 국정과제 중 입법조치가 필요한 사항은 법률 751건, 하위법령 215건 등 총 966건으로 나타났다. 이 중 법률안 110건은 연내 국회 제출하고, 하위법령 66건 올해 제·개정한다는 계획이다. 국정과제 추진과정에서 국민과의 소통을 강화하고, 정책성과를 국민이 실질적으로 체감할 수 있도록 한다. 온라인 소통창구인 '국정과제 소통광장'을 마련, 국민이 제기한 의견을 정부가 신속히 답하는 쌍방향 소통채널을 만든다. 국민만족도 조사는 주기적으로 실시하고 민생 관련 중요 국정과제는 민관합동 현장점검을 실시한다. 국정과제 추진성과를 평가하기 위한 '정부업무평가 기본계획('25~'27)' 및 '2025년도 정부업무평가 시행계획 수정안'도 이날 국무회의에서 확정됐다. 올해는 미래 전략산업 육성 등 각 부처가 역점 추진하는 정책과제, 신산업 등 규제 합리화, AI 활용 일하는 방식 혁신, 디지털 소통·홍보 노력 강화 등을 중점 평가할 예정이다. 국민주권정부에 걸맞게 평가 과정에 국민 참여를 확대하고, 국민 만족도 조사 결과도 비중 있게 반영한다. 국무조정실은 "향후 국정과제 추진과정에서 국민의견을 수시로 청취하고 소통을 강화해 나갈 예정"이라며 "국민요구와 정책여건 변화를 반영해 이행계획도 지속 보완하며 추진할 계획"이라고 밝혔다. sheep@newspim.com 2025-09-16 14:04
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코어위브, 엔비디아와 8조원대 계약 [서울=뉴스핌]박공식 기자 = 데이터센터 운영업체인 코어위브(종목코드: CRWV)는 인공지능(AI) 칩 선두 주자 엔비디아와 63억 달러(8조7160억원) 규모의 클라우드 컴퓨팅 용량 주문 계약을 체결했다고 15일(현지시간) 밝혔다. 엔비디아는 이번 계약을 통해 2032년 4월 13일 까지 코어위브가 고객에게 판매하지 않은 모든 클라우드 용량을 구매하기로 했다. 엔비디아와 수주 계약 체결 소식이 전해진 후 코어위브 주가는 뉴욕 정규장 거래에서 8% 상승했다. 지난 3월 상장 이후 이 회사 주가는 3배 뛰었다. 코어위브는 미국과 유럽에서 엔비디아의 GPU 칩을 탑재한 대규모 데이터센터를 운영하며 이를 임대하거나 클라우드 컴퓨팅 용량을 판매하고 있다. 이번 계약으로 코어위브는 엔비디아의 핵심 클라우드 파트너로서의 입지를 공고히 하고 AI 컴퓨팅 용량 수요 감소 가능성에 대한 완충장치를 마련하게 됐다고 로이터 통신은 평가했다. 코어위브는 일찌감치 엔비디아의 눈도장을 받아 2023년 투자를 받았다. 엔비디아는 코어위브 지분을 6% 넘게 보유하고 있다. 코어위브는 지난 3월 공모가 40달러에 뉴욕 증시에 상장한 후 AI 열풍에 따른 클라우드 서비스 수요 급증에 힘입어 주가가 급등했다. 투자은행 바클레이즈는 "이번 계약은 최종 고객과 상관없이 용량이 활용될 것을 보장함으로써 코어위브의 안전장치 역할을 한다"며 "투자자들은 코어위브가 최대 고객사 2곳(마이크로소프트와 오픈AI) 외에 데이터센터 용량을 채울 수 있을지 우려해왔는데, 이번 계약으로 이런 우려가 사라졌다"고 분석했다.  코어위브 로고 [서울=뉴스핌]박공식 기자 = 2025.09.16 kongsikpark@newspim.com 코어위브는 지난 3월 챗GPT 개발사 오픈AI와 119억 달러 규모의 5년 계약에 합의하며, 클라우드 컴퓨팅 용량을 제공하기로 한 바 있다. 오픈AI는 2029년 4월까지 40억 달러까지 지급하기로 약속하는 추가 협정을 맺었다. kongsikpark@newspim.com 2025-09-16 13:03
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